鋼筋桁架樓承板的發展歷程及應用領域

鋼(gang)樓承(cheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)國(guo)內應用較(jiao)早(zao)，有(you)規范，施(shi)工經驗豐富，生產制作。最初的(de)(de)鋼(gang)樓承(cheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)存在著一些缺陷(xian)：板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)肋(lei)較(jiao)高，樓板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)結(jie)構層厚(hou)度大(da)，使建筑物凈高減(jian)小，自接(jie)導致建筑整(zheng)體成本(ben)增加；樓板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)下(xia)表面呈(cheng)波浪形，板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)底不(bu)平整(zheng)、不(bu)美觀，樓板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)雙向(xiang)剛度不(bu)一致，性能差(cha)；鋼(gang)筋(jin)綁扎繁瑣，鋼(gang)筋(jin)間距不(bu)易(yi)，下(xia)部受力鋼(gang)筋(jin)需要現場手工焊接(jie)短(duan)鋼(gang)筋(jin)，效率低(di)下(xia)，保護層厚(hou)度不(bu)易(yi)控制；單向(xiang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)設計，只能通過增加整(zheng)體鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)厚(hou)度才能滿足較(jiao)大(da)跨度樓板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)施(shi)工階段受力，造成材料浪費；雙向(xiang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)施(shi)工不(bu)便，犧牲肋(lei)高以下(xia)混凝土及板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)厚(hou)；雖然單板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)廉，但是由于其施(shi)工繁瑣，所需人工量大(da)，綜合造價(jia)反而偏高，經濟效率低(di)。
考(kao)慮以(yi)上(shang)(shang)最(zui)初的(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)樓(lou)承(cheng)板(ban)存在的(de)缺(que)(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)問題，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師改進了普通(tong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)樓(lou)承(cheng)板(ban)，在鍍鋅鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)增(zeng)加剪力(li)槽(cao)，通(tong)過(guo)混凝土(tu)的(de)握裹(guo)作用(yong)(yong)，形(xing)成兩者的(de)共同作用(yong)(yong)。由板(ban)肋(lei)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)豎向剛度(du)，通(tong)過(guo)板(ban)肋(lei)形(xing)狀與(yu)(yu)抗剪槽(cao)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)水平抗剪承(cheng)載力(li)，樓(lou)承(cheng)板(ban)與(yu)(yu)混凝土(tu)緊(jin)密連接，通(tong)過(guo)調(diao)整厚(hou)度(du)以(yi)調(diao)整樓(lou)承(cheng)板(ban)剛度(du)，使壓型鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)在使用(yong)(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)參與(yu)(yu)樓(lou)板(ban)的(de)受(shou)力(li)，代(dai)林(lin)(lin)(lin)下部受(shou)力(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)，從而節省(sheng)了混凝土(tu)中(zhong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)的(de)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)。這種組合(he)壓型鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)有齒槽(cao)或壓痕，提(ti)(ti)高了與(yu)(yu)混凝土(tu)的(de)粘(zhan)結(jie)力(li)，可代(dai)林(lin)(lin)(lin)部分板(ban)底受(shou)力(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)，程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)(shang)節省(sheng)了工(gong)(gong)期及勞動(dong)力(li)成本。但是(shi)還(huan)存在與(yu)(yu)最(zui)初的(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)樓(lou)承(cheng)板(ban)同樣的(de)缺(que)(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)，板(ban)型板(ban)肋(lei)高，不(bu)(bu)宜在高層(ceng)及層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)，性(xing)能差，容易(yi)造成樓(lou)板(ban)開裂；現(xian)場鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)綁(bang)扎(zha)繁瑣，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)難以(yi)；單向板(ban)設計(ji)，造成材料浪費；雙(shuang)向板(ban)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)便等(deng)缺(que)(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)外，還(huan)存在以(yi)下問題：壓型鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)設計(ji)代(dai)林(lin)(lin)(lin)板(ban)底受(shou)力(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)時，存在的(de)火(huo)災隱(yin)患，受(shou)力(li)的(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)處于迎火(huo)面(mian)(mian)，自(zi)接接觸火(huo)焰，極易(yi)形(xing)成高溫，組合(he)壓型鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)火(huo)災后將無法；由于考(kao)慮到其抗火(huo)及方面(mian)(mian)的(de)缺(que)(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)，設計(ji)師在設計(ji)時一般都會考(kao)慮在板(ban)底加配抗火(huo)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)，加上(shang)(shang)分布鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)、支座負筋(jin)(jin)等(deng)，在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場還(huan)需(xu)綁(bang)扎(zha)50~70%左(zuo)右的(de)現(xian)場鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)繁瑣，所需(xu)人工(gong)(gong)量(liang)較(jiao)大，綜合(he)造價較(jiao)局。
鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)桁架(jia)(jia)樓(lou)承(cheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)屬于第(di)三代鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)結構(gou)(gou)配套樓(lou)承(cheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，其(qi)構(gou)(gou)造與普(pu)通的非組合(he)壓(ya)型(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)及(ji)組合(he)壓(ya)型(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)型(xing)有(you)較(jiao)大(da)區(qu)別，是將(jiang)混凝土(tu)樓(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)中(zhong)的受力(li)(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)在工(gong)(gong)廠中(zhong)加工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)桁架(jia)(jia)，然后(hou)再與壓(ya)型(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)電阻點焊為一(yi)體的鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)樓(lou)承(cheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)產(chan)品。鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)桁架(jia)(jia)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)高頻(pin)電阻點焊組合(he)，形成(cheng)結構(gou)(gou)穩定(ding)的三角(jiao)桁架(jia)(jia)，底部壓(ya)型(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)肋只有(you)2毫米，幾乎(hu)等于平板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。作(zuo)為一(yi)代鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)樓(lou)承(cheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，其(qi)受力(li)(li)模式合(he)理，不(bu)再單純依(yi)靠(kao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)提(ti)供(gong)施工(gong)(gong)階段強度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)及(ji)剛(gang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。其(qi)施工(gong)(gong)階段強度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)剛(gang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)由(you)受力(li)(li)合(he)理的鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)桁架(jia)(jia)提(ti)供(gong)。在使用(yong)(yong)階段，由(you)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)桁架(jia)(jia)和(he)混凝土(tu)一(yi)起共同工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。鍍鋅底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)僅(jin)作(zuo)施工(gong)(gong)階段模板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，不(bu)考慮結構(gou)(gou)受力(li)(li)，但在正常(chang)的使用(yong)(yong)情況下，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的存在增加了(le)(le)樓(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的剛(gang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，了(le)(le)樓(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)下部混凝土(tu)的受力(li)(li)性能。
鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)桁(heng)架(jia)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)承板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的構(gou)造，使(shi)(shi)其具備(bei)不(bu)同于傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)壓型鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的優(you)勢：受力模(mo)式合理、樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)整(zheng)體性(xing)能(neng)優(you)越，施工(gong)便(bian)捷、環保(bao)，工(gong)期有(you)；第三代(dai)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)桁(heng)架(jia)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)承板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)采(cai)用鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)桁(heng)架(jia)與(yu)鍍鋅(xin)底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)相結合的模(mo)式，使(shi)(shi)得樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的整(zheng)體受力性(xing)能(neng)等(deng)同甚至優(you)于傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的現(xian)澆(jiao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)混(hun)凝(ning)土樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)；相對(dui)于傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的現(xian)澆(jiao)混(hun)凝(ning)土樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，免去支模(mo)、拆模(mo)、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)綁(bang)扎等(deng)繁(fan)瑣的施工(gong)工(gong)序(xu)，提(ti)高了(le)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的施工(gong)速度(du)(du)，特別是對(dui)于高層建筑，對(dui)項目整(zheng)體進度(du)(du)提(ti)供了(le)的；板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)底平整(zheng)、凈(jing)高有(you)，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)雙向剛度(du)(du)一致、性(xing)能(neng)好；傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)受力構(gou)造、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)不(bu)參與(yu)受力、無(wu)需及涂(tu)料，即(ji)又(you)經(jing)濟(ji)；雙向板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)設計及施工(gong)簡便(bian)，適用于大(da)跨度(du)(du)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)鍍鋅(xin)層合理、栓釘焊接、端部(bu)無(wu)需穿(chuan)透焊，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)抗剪力增強；擁有(you)構(gou)造，可拆除底模(mo)，達到傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)現(xian)澆(jiao)混(hun)凝(ning)土樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)觀感(gan)效果。產品類型多樣、應(ying)用廣(guang)泛。